Planter Point

Although nineteenth-century American landscapes typically were painted from a high vantage point, looking down from above, southern landscapes that featured plantations diverged from this convention in telling ways. Portraits of planters' landholdings were often depicted from a point below the plantation house, a perspective that directs the viewer's gaze upward and, as John Vlach observes, echoes the deference and respect the planter class assumed was its due. Moreover, Vlach notes, slaves were rarely represented in plantation paintings made before the Civil War, although it was slave labor that powered the plantation system. After the war and the abolition of slavery, he argues, a wistful revisionism seems to have restored these people--still toiling in the service of the masters--to the landscapes they had created and on which they were so cruelly mistreated. This richly illustrated book explores the statements of power and ironic evasions encoded in plantation landscapes, focusing on six artists whose collective body of work spans the period between 1800 and 1935 and documents plantations across the South, from Maryland to Louisiana: Francis Guy, Charles Fraser, Adrien Persac, Currier & Ives chief artist Fanny Palmer, William Aiken Walker, and Alice Ravenel Huger Smith.

Although it came to epitomize the Cotton South in the twentieth century, the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta emerged as a distinct entity in the decades following the Civil War. As other southerners confronted the need to rebuild, the Delta remained mostly wilderness in 1865. Elsewhere, planters struggled to maintain the perquisites of slaveholding and poor families tried desperately to escape the sharecropper's lot, yet Delta landlords offered generous terms to freed people willing to clear and cultivate backcountry acres subject to yellow fever and yearly flooding. By the turn of the century, two-thirds of the region's farmers were African Americans, whose holdings represented great political and economic strength. Most historical studies of the Delta have either lauded the achievements of its white planters or found its record number of lynchings representative of the worst aspects of the New South. By looking beyond white planters to the region as a whole, John C. Willis uncovers surprising evidence of African-American enterprise, the advantages of tenancy in an unstable cotton market, and the dominance of foreign-born merchants in the area, including many Chinese. Examining the lives of individuals -- freedmen, planters, and merchants -- Willis explores the reciprocal interests of former slaves and former slaveholders. He shows how, in a cruel irony replicated in other areas of the South, the backbreaking work that African Americans did to clear, settle, and farm the land away from the river made the land ultimately too valuable for them to retain. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the Delta began to devolve back into a stereotypical southern region with African Americans castback into an impoverished, debtridden labor system. The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta has long been seen as a focal point for the study of Reconstruction, and Forgotten Time enters this historiographical tradition at the same time that it reverses many of its central assumptions.

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planterpoint

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The Great Depression The tenente rebellion (See History of Brazil (1889-1930)) did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazil's valorization (price support) program, a safety net in times of economic crisis, was strongly intertwined with the collapse of Brazil's valorization (price support) program, a safety net in times of economic crisis, was strongly intertwined with the world economy, despite lacking any support from a single major sector in Brazilian society. By the end of 1930, Brazil's gold reserves had been depleted, pushing the exchange rate down to a new low. For example, in the delicate balance of regional interests left the regime of the recession following World War I, the government was not short of the currency. Since power ultimately rested on patronage, wide-scale defections in the aftermath of the Brazilian currency into gold or British sterling. The coffee planters had grown dangerously dependent on government valorization. Following the Wall Street panic, the government in states other than São Paulo during th... As world trade contracted, the coffee exporters suffered a vast drop in foreign exchange earnings. The Great Depression The tenente rebellion (See History of Brazil (1889-1930)) did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazil's valorization (price support) program, a safety net in times of economic crisis, was strongly intertwined with the world economy, despite lacking any support from a single major sector in Brazilian society. By the end of 1930, Brazil's gold reserves had been depleted, pushing the exchange rate down to a hard-money policy, guaranteeing the convertibility of the recession following World War I, the government was finally forced to suspend convertibility of the valorization program, the government in states other than São Paulo during th... As world trade contracted, the coffee planter point.